An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which the inner layer of the aorta, the large blood vessel branching off the heart, tears. Blood surges through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate (dissect). This can lead to aortic rupture or decreased blood flow (ischemia) to organs.

There are two types of aortic dissection:

1. Type A: This involves the part of the aorta that comes out of the heart and may extend to the abdomen. This type is more common and usually more serious.
2. Type B: This involves the part of the aorta that runs through the chest or abdomen.

Symptoms of an aortic dissection can mimic other diseases, making diagnosis challenging. Common symptoms include severe chest or upper back pain, loss of consciousness, shortness of breath, and symptoms similar to a stroke.

Risk factors for aortic dissection include high blood pressure, genetic conditions, a history of heart surgery, and atherosclerosis.