Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium). It typically occurs when bacteria or other germs from another part of the body, such as the mouth, spread through the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in the heart.

Causes:

  1. Bacterial Infection: Most common cause; bacteria entering the bloodstream and lodging in the heart.

  2. Fungal Infection: Less common but more serious.

  3. Other Sources of Infection: Including dental procedures, skin infections, certain medical procedures, catheters, or needles.

  4. Pre-existing Heart Conditions: Such as damaged or artificial heart valves, congenital heart defects, or a history of endocarditis.

Signs and Symptoms:

  • Fever and Chills.

  • A New or Changed Heart Murmur: Changes in the heart sounds.

  • Fatigue.

  • Aching Joints and Muscles.

  • Night Sweats.

  • Shortness of Breath.

  • Swelling in the Feet, Legs, or Abdomen.

  • Unexplained Weight Loss.

  • Blood in the Urine.

  • Red Spots on the Skin, Fingers, or Toes.

Treatment:

  1. Antibiotics: Usually given intravenously, often for several weeks.

  2. Surgery: In some cases, to repair or replace a damaged heart valve, remove a heart abscess, or remove infected material from the heart.

Medications:

  • High-Dose Antibiotics: The specific type depends on the germs causing the infection. The course of antibiotics is often long-term, typically 4-6 weeks.

  • Antifungal Medications: If the infection is caused by a fungus.

Additional Considerations:

  • Hospitalization: Initially required for diagnosis and treatment.

  • Regular Monitoring: Through blood tests and echocardiograms.

  • Preventive Antibiotics: May be necessary before certain dental or medical procedures for people with a high risk of endocarditis.

Early detection and treatment of endocarditis are crucial to prevent serious complications, such as heart damage and life-threatening issues. If you have symptoms of endocarditis, particularly if you have a history of heart problems or recent medical procedures, it's important to seek medical attention promptly.