A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts or leaks. This type of stroke is less common than ischemic stroke, accounting for about 13% of stroke cases, but it is often more severe and can be life-threatening.

There are two main types of hemorrhagic stroke:

  1. Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH): This happens when a blood vessel inside the brain bursts and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. This bleeding causes damage to brain cells. High blood pressure is the most common cause of ICH.

  2. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): This type occurs when there is bleeding in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering it (the subarachnoid space). The most common cause of SAH is the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, a weak spot in the wall of a blood vessel in the brain.

Symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke can vary depending on the location of the bleed and may include:

  • Sudden, severe headache (often described as the worst headache ever experienced)

  • Nausea and vomiting

  • Sudden loss of consciousness

  • Weakness, numbness, or paralysis, especially on one side of the body

  • Difficulty speaking or understanding speech

  • Problems with vision

  • Loss of balance or coordination

  • Seizures

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol use, use of certain drugs (like anticoagulants), and certain medical conditions like cerebral aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

Treatment for hemorrhagic stroke focuses on controlling the bleeding, reducing pressure in the brain, and stabilizing vital signs. This may involve surgery to repair or remove a ruptured blood vessel or to relieve pressure on the brain. Long-term treatment includes managing and reducing risk factors, such as controlling high blood pressure and making lifestyle changes.

Rehabilitation is also a crucial part of recovery, as it helps the individual regain as much function as possible and learn new ways to compensate for any permanent damage.

As with ischemic stroke, recognizing the symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke and seeking immediate medical attention is crucial for the best possible outcome.