Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as Lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs. In SLE, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of SLE can vary widely and may develop slowly or appear suddenly. They can also be mild or severe and temporary or permanent. Some common signs and symptoms include:

  • Fatigue

  • Fever

  • Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling

  • Butterfly-shaped rash on the face that covers the cheeks and bridge of the nose

  • Skin lesions that appear or worsen with sun exposure (photosensitivity)

  • Fingers and toes turning white or blue when exposed to cold or during stressful periods (Raynaud's phenomenon)

  • Shortness of breath

  • Chest pain

  • Dry eyes

  • Headaches, confusion, and memory loss

Causes

The exact cause of SLE is unknown, but it's believed to be linked to a combination of factors, including:

  • Genetic predisposition: Certain genes may increase the risk of developing SLE.

  • Environmental triggers: Sunlight, infections, and possibly certain medications can trigger the disease.

  • Hormonal factors: SLE is more common in women, suggesting a possible role of hormones like estrogen.

Treatment

There is no cure for SLE, but treatments can help control symptoms. The treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and which parts of the body are affected. Common treatments include:

  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): For joint pain and stiffness.

  • Antimalarial drugs: Medications commonly used to treat malaria can help control lupus symptoms.

  • Corticosteroids: These can reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.

  • Immunosuppressants: Drugs that suppress the immune system can be used in severe cases.

  • Biologics: A newer class of drugs that can be more targeted in suppressing the immune response.

  • Lifestyle adjustments: This includes strategies like stress management, sun protection, and regular exercise to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Regular follow-up and monitoring are essential in managing SLE, as the disease can have periods of remission and flare-ups. Treatment plans may need to be adjusted over time based on the patient's response and any side effects of the medications.