Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when a blood clot, usually formed in a deep vein in the legs (as in Deep Vein Thrombosis or DVT), breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs. This clot can block a blood vessel in the lungs, preventing blood from getting oxygen and causing damage to lung tissue.
The symptoms of a pulmonary embolism can vary depending on the size of the clot, how much of the lung is affected, and whether the individual has underlying heart or lung disease. Common symptoms include:
- Shortness of Breath: This can occur suddenly and without warning, and often worsens with exertion.
- Chest Pain: This may feel like a sharp, stabbing pain that may become worse with deep breathing, coughing, eating, bending, or stooping.
- Cough: The cough may produce bloody or blood-streaked sputum.
- Other Symptoms: These can include leg pain or swelling (usually in one leg), clammy or discolored skin, fever, excessive sweating, rapid or irregular heartbeat, and dizziness or fainting.
Risk factors for PE are similar to those for DVT and include prolonged immobility, surgery, certain genetic conditions, smoking, pregnancy, obesity, and the use of birth control pills or hormone therapy. Having a history of DVT or PE also increases the risk.
Diagnosis of PE can be challenging and usually involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), and imaging tests such as a CT scan or a lung V/Q scan.
Treatment typically involves anticoagulant medications (blood thinners) to prevent further clotting. In severe cases, thrombolytic therapy (clot dissolving drugs) may be used, and in rare cases, surgery or mechanical clot removal may be necessary.
Preventative measures for PE are similar to those for DVT and include regular exercise, staying hydrated, avoiding prolonged immobility, and using compression stockings or anticoagulant medications as prescribed, especially for individuals at high risk.
As with DVT, it is crucial for individuals who suspect they might have a pulmonary embolism or are at high risk for it to seek immediate medical attention. Early treatment can be life-saving.