Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues — the fibers that provide the framework and support for your body. The disease can vary in severity, ranging from mild to life-threatening, depending on which parts of the body are affected.

Causes of Scleroderma

The exact cause of scleroderma is unknown, but it involves an overproduction and accumulation of collagen in body tissues. Factors contributing to scleroderma include:

  1. Autoimmune Reaction: The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.

  2. Genetic Factors: While not directly inherited, certain genetic factors may increase susceptibility.

  3. Environmental Triggers: Exposure to certain toxins or chemicals may trigger scleroderma in genetically susceptible individuals.

Symptoms of Scleroderma

Scleroderma symptoms vary widely and depend on the parts of the body affected. Common symptoms include:

  1. Skin Changes: Thickening and hardening of the skin, especially on the hands and face.

  2. Raynaud's Phenomenon: Fingers or toes turn white or blue in response to cold temperatures or stress.

  3. Gastrointestinal Issues: Acid reflux, difficulty swallowing, and other digestive problems.

  4. Joint Pain and Stiffness

  5. Edema: Swelling of the extremities.

  6. Pulmonary Issues: Including scarring of lung tissue and high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs.

  7. Kidney Problems

  8. Heart Issues: Including abnormal heart rhythms and heart failure.

Types of Scleroderma

  1. Localized Scleroderma: Affects only the skin.

  2. Systemic Scleroderma: Affects the skin and internal organs.

Treatment of Scleroderma

There is no cure for scleroderma, but treatments can help manage symptoms and limit damage:

  1. Medications:
    • Immune Suppressants: To reduce immune system activity.

    • Blood Pressure Medications: Especially for Raynaud's phenomenon and kidney problems.

    • Anti-inflammatory Drugs: For joint pain and stiffness.

    • Medications for Skin Problems: Including drugs to reduce skin thickening.

    • Drugs for Heartburn and Gastrointestinal Problems.

  2. Physical Therapy: To manage pain and improve mobility.

  3. Skin Treatments: Such as moisturizers and protection from cold.

  4. Regular Monitoring and Management of Complications: Regular check-ups are important to monitor for complications, especially in the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

  5. Lifestyle Changes: Including managing stress, protecting the skin, and following a healthy diet.

The course of scleroderma varies for each person and can range from mild to severe. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers specializing in rheumatology is crucial for managing the condition.