Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition that includes two related conditions: deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg, while PE occurs when a part of the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, which can be life-threatening.

Causes:

  1. Immobility: Prolonged sitting or bed rest can slow blood flow in veins, increasing clot risk.

  2. Surgery: Particularly orthopedic, abdominal, or major surgery.

  3. Cancer and Cancer Treatments: Certain cancers and treatments increase the risk of clotting.

  4. Inherited Blood-clotting Disorders: Genetic factors that affect blood clotting.

  5. Hormone Therapy or Birth Control Pills: These can increase the risk of clots.

  6. Pregnancy: Pregnancy increases the pressure in the veins in the pelvis and legs.

  7. Obesity: Higher risk due to increased pressure in the veins of the pelvis and legs.

  8. Age: Particularly over 60 years.

  9. Other Medical Conditions: Heart disease, lung disease, and inflammatory disorders.

Signs and Symptoms:

  • DVT Symptoms: Swelling, pain, redness, and warmth in the leg.

  • PE Symptoms: Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain (worsening with deep breaths), rapid heart rate, coughing up blood.

Types:

  1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Clots in deep veins, usually in the legs.

  2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Occurs when a DVT clot breaks free and travels to the lungs.

Treatment:

  • Blood Thinners (Anticoagulants): The main treatment to prevent the clot from getting bigger and to prevent new clots.

  • Clot Busters (Thrombolytics): For severe cases, especially if PE is life-threatening.

  • Filters: In some cases, a filter might be inserted into a large vein (the vena cava) to prevent clots from traveling to the lungs.

  • Compression Stockings: To prevent swelling associated with DVT.

Medications:

  • Warfarin (Coumadin): A common oral anticoagulant.

  • Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin: Usually given through injections.

  • Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs): Such as rivaroxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran, taken orally.

It's essential to recognize the signs of VTE and seek immediate medical attention, especially for symptoms of PE, which can be life-threatening. Preventive measures are particularly important for individuals at high risk, including during and after hospitalization or surgery, during long flights, or with prolonged immobility. Regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and staying hydrated are also helpful in reducing the risk.